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By-using estimates from a Demographically-Scaled Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (DQUAIDS), we investigate how the German car fuels tax changes the private households' CO2 emissions, living standards, and post-tax income dist...
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By-using estimates from a Demographically-Scaled Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (DQUAIDS), we investigate how the German car fuels tax changes the private households' CO2 emissions, living standards, and post-tax income distribution. Our results show that the tax implies a trade-off between the aim to reduce emissions and vertical equity, which refers to the idea that people with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay more. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Energy and water are closely related resources, so environmental tax policies for energy resources will also influence the use of water resources. Different environmental tax policies have different emphases. However, few research...
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Energy and water are closely related resources, so environmental tax policies for energy resources will also influence the use of water resources. Different environmental tax policies have different emphases. However, few research has compared their effects on the energy-water nexus. In the present study, we considered two commonly used environmental tax policies to regulate energy use (energy and carbon taxes), and established a dynamic computable general equilibrium model to compare the comprehensive impacts of different tax types and intensities on the energy-water nexus. In addition to the direct-use nexus (direct water and energy consumption), we also considered the embodied-use nexus (energy related water consumption and water-related energy consumption) and the hybrid-use nexus (hybrid water and energy consumption). Besides, both the effects of tax rates and time spans are simulated simultaneously. China was adopted as a case study. For the direct-use nexus, both taxes would increase the proportion of direct water consumption versus direct energy consumption. The average differences in the proportion change rates between the two taxes were 3.8, 7.8, and 9.7% for the low, medium, and high tax intensities, respectively. For the embodied-use nexus, the carbon tax could increase the proportion of energy-related water consumption versus water-related energy consumption. The average differences in the proportion change rates between the two taxes were 4.4, 8.4, and 10.2% for the low, medium, and high tax intensities, respectively. For the hybrid-use nexus, the effects of the taxes were similar to those for the direct-use nexus.(c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Carbon taxes have been frequently advocated as a cost-effective instrument for reducing emissions. However, in the practice of environmental policies, only six countries have implemented taxes based on the carbon content of the en...
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Carbon taxes have been frequently advocated as a cost-effective instrument for reducing emissions. However, in the practice of environmental policies, only six countries have implemented taxes based on the carbon content of the energy products. In this paper, we evaluate carbon taxes with regard to their competitiveness, distributional and environmental impacts. The evidence shows that carbon taxes may be an interesting policy option and that their main negative impacts may be compensated through the design of the tax and the use of the generated fiscal revenues.
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This paper presents an econometric study dealing with household demand in Sweden. The main objective is to empirically examine the differences in consumer reaction to the introduction of, or the change, in environmental taxes. Mai...
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This paper presents an econometric study dealing with household demand in Sweden. The main objective is to empirically examine the differences in consumer reaction to the introduction of, or the change, in environmental taxes. Main focus is on environmental taxes as a signaling device. The hypothesis is that the introduction of an environmental tax provides new information about the properties of the directly taxed goods. This in turn may affect consumer preferences for these goods, hence altering the consumption choice. The result from the econometric analysis shows that all goods have negative own-price elasticities, and positive income elasticities. Concerning the signalling effect of environmental taxes the results are somewhat ambiguous. The tax elasticity for energy goods used for heating seems to be significantly higher than the traditional price elasticity, whereas the opposite seems to be the case for energy goods used for transportation.
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After a long period of government intervention in the energy market, the Korean government has realized that the costs of its intervention are greater than the benefit as the economy got more complicated and more integrated into t...
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After a long period of government intervention in the energy market, the Korean government has realized that the costs of its intervention are greater than the benefit as the economy got more complicated and more integrated into the world economy. The objective of the energy tax reform is to establish a transparent set of taxing principles, in order to internalize externalities from energy consumption. The expected effects of the reform is to motivate energy conservation and to promote R&D on energy conservation technologies which will ultimately result in the strengthening of industrial competitiveness and the reduction of urban air pollution.
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Empirical econometric assessment of environmental policy effectiveness is capable of demonstrating which tools have been helping to achieve the desired effect of reducing harmful emissions or stimulating technological change. This...
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Empirical econometric assessment of environmental policy effectiveness is capable of demonstrating which tools have been helping to achieve the desired effect of reducing harmful emissions or stimulating technological change. This paper employs an econometric approach to analyse the effectiveness of energy and carbon taxes in Sweden, the country, which was one of the first to introduce a CO2 tax as well as an extensive environmental tax reform. The results showed that taken in isolation a CO2 tax was not sufficient to result in a significant change in CO2 emissions in Sweden, except in the case of petrol. On the other hand, energy taxes for coal and LPG have been statistically significantly effective. It was also clear that a technological innovation in the form of development of nuclear and hydro energy played a significant role in reducing CO2 emissions and higher oil price was also important in reducing national CO2 emissions in Sweden. At the same time, renewable energy (excluding hydro), a more recent innovation, has not been a statistically significant driver of CO2 emissions reduction, perhaps due to the fact that wind and solar play a much lesser role in Sweden at the moment. The net electricity imports from other countries have contributed positively towards reducing CO2 emissions in Sweden, while the use of coal and biomass tended to increase CO2 emissions. Compared to the ex-ante modelling results from the literature review, the findings confirm the role of environmental taxation as a viable policy instrument effective in reducing CO2 emissions in Sweden, although point towards a more nuanced picture. The paper raises important policy questions focused on the effectiveness of environmental policy tools.
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This paper presents the results and analysis of a study conducted with the objective of investigating the impact on economy wide emissions due to carbon and energy taxes levied within the electricity generation sector of Sri Lanka...
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This paper presents the results and analysis of a study conducted with the objective of investigating the impact on economy wide emissions due to carbon and energy taxes levied within the electricity generation sector of Sri Lanka. This exercise is mainly based on the input-output table developed by the national planning department. An input-output decomposition technique is used to analyze four types of effects that contribute to the overall reduction in equivalent carbon, NO_X and SO_2 emissions. These four effects are: fuel mix effect (i.e. the change in emissions due to variation I fuel mix), structural effect (i.e. change in emissions due to changes in technological coefficients with taxes compared to that without taxes), final demand effect (i.e. the change in emissions associated with changes in final demand) and joint effect (i.e. the interactive effect between or among the fuel mix, structural and final demand effects). The polluting fuel sources and low energy efficiency generation technologies are less preferred under these tax regimes. Of the four effects, a change in fuel mix in thermal electricity generation and a change final demand for electricity were found to be the main contributors in achieving economy wide emission reductions. It was found in the analysis that a minimum of USS 50/tC tax or US$ 1.0/ MBtu of energy tax is required to have a significant impact on economy wide emissions in the Sri Lankan context. This translates into an overall increase in electricity generation cost of approximately USCts 0.9 kW~(-1) h~(-1) and USCts 0.6 kW~(-1) h~(-1) under the carbon and energy tax regimes, respectively. The reduction in emissions is also strongly coupled with the value of the price elasticity of electricity.
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Firm-level idiosyncratic policy distortions misallocate resources between firms, lowering aggregate productivity. Many environmental policies create such distortions; in particular, output-based intensity standards (which limit fi...
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Firm-level idiosyncratic policy distortions misallocate resources between firms, lowering aggregate productivity. Many environmental policies create such distortions; in particular, output-based intensity standards (which limit firms energy use or emissions per unit of output) are easier for high-productivity firms to achieve. We investigate the productivity effect of intensity standards using a tractable general-equilibrium model featuring multiple sectors and firm-level heterogeneity. Qualitatively, we demonstrate that intensity standards are always inferior to uniform taxes, as they misallocate both dirty and clean inputs across firms and sectors, which lowers productivity. Quantitatively, we calibrate the model to US data and show that these productivity losses can be large. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Energy, monetary and fiscal policies are going to play a crucial role towards the broad transformation of global energy. The design and optimization of these policies as well as the efficacy in achieving the desirable results requ...
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Energy, monetary and fiscal policies are going to play a crucial role towards the broad transformation of global energy. The design and optimization of these policies as well as the efficacy in achieving the desirable results require quantitative approaches. In this study, we extend the methodology of our novel quantitative framework, the Energy Price Index (EPIC) that represents the average price of energy in the US, to the design, optimization and assessment of energy-intelligent tax policies. The non-availability of actual energy demand and price data for the recent months is addressed with the introduction of a rolling horizon methodology that demonstrates excellent forecasting ability over a testing period of 181 months. The mean absolute percentage error of the initial and the 2nd adjusted EPIC are just 2.71% and 1.02% respectively over this period, with the forecasting framework demonstrating excellent robustness even during the unprecedented pandemic of COVID-19. The same framework can be used to forecast the energy demands for the next four years. Two case studies for energy-intelligent tax policies are presented, investigating parametrically the effects that a gasoline tax hike and a carbon tax could have retrospectively and prospectively. A hypothetical gasoline tax hike of 15 cents per gallon would increase EPIC by 1.6%, with the greatest increase of 3.67% being associated with the transportation sector (TEPIC). This policy would result in an estimated annual average revenue of $20.253 billion. Likewise, a hypothetical incremental carbon tax hike over the next 10 years would lead in substantial reductions in CO2 emissions, while the average price of energy would increase by just $1.5/MMBtu, generating though more than $110 billion in annual revenue.
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This paper argues that the underlying supply and demand analysis of fossil energy and other environmental taxes needs further elaboration when a country (a) introduces national fossil energy or environmental taxes and (b) is open ...
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This paper argues that the underlying supply and demand analysis of fossil energy and other environmental taxes needs further elaboration when a country (a) introduces national fossil energy or environmental taxes and (b) is open to international trade at given world prices. We provide evidence that such conditions are plausible for many sectors in the UK. A key implication is that the short run effects of such taxes should not be felt in final good prices, since these are determined in world markets, but in terms of underlying profitability. These changes in underlying profits provide two key incentives for producers-to change to more environmentally friendly production techniques and to switch resources to production of less environmentally harmful goods. Using input-output techniques we provide evidence for the UK to show how existing fossil energy and other "green" taxes have affected underlying profitability. The evidence shows quite strong profit incentives to shift resources from a small number of energy intensive industries to others.
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